day29对话导出
雅思学习任务:day29
对话导出时间:25-11-24 11:35:49 星期一
学习材料
原文速记:
Wolves, dogs and humans There is no doubt that dogs are the oldest of all species tamed by humans and their domestication was based on a mutually beneficial relationship with man. The conventional view is that the domestication of wolves began between 10,000 and 20,000 years ago. However, a recent ground-breaking paper by a group of international geneticists has pushed this date back by a factor of 10. Led by Dr. Robert Wayne, at the University of California, Los Angeles, the team showed that all dog breeds had only one ancestor, the wolf. They did this by analysing the genetic history through the DNA of 162 wolves from around the world and 140 domestic dogs representing 67 breeds. The research also confirms, for the first time, that dogs are descended only from wolves and do not share DNA with coyotes or jackals. The fact that our companionship with dogs now appears to go back at least 100,000 years means that this partnership may have played an important part in the development of human hunting techniques that developed 70,000 to 90,000 years ago. It also may even have affected the brain development in both species. The Australian veterinarian David Paxton suggests that in that period of first contact, people did not so much domesticate wolves as wolves domesticated people. Wolves may have started living at the edge of human settlements as scavengers, eating scraps of food and waste. Some learned to live with human beings in a mutually helpful way and gradually evolved into dogs. At the very least, they would have protected human settlements, and given warnings by barking at anything approaching. The wolves that evolved into dogs have been enormously successful in evolutionary terms. They are found everywhere in the inhabited world, hundreds of millions of them. The descendants of the wolves that remained wolves are now sparsely distributed, often in endangered populations. In return for companionship and food, the early ancestor of the dog assisted humans in tracking, hunting, guarding and a variety of other activities. Eventually humans began to selectively breed these animals for specific traits. Physical characteristics changed and individual breeds began to take shape. As humans wandered across Asia and Europe, they took their dogs along, using them for additional tasks and further breeding them for selected qualities that would better enable them to perform specific duties. Access https://ieltsonlinetests.com for more practices page 2 According to Dr. Colin Groves, of the Department of Archaeology and Anthropology at Australian National University, early humans came to rely on dogs’ keen ability to hear, smell and see - allowing certain areas of the human brain to shrink in size relative to other areas. ‘Dogs acted as human’s alarm systems, trackers and hunting aids, garbage disposal facilities, hot-water bottles and children’s guardians and playmates. Humans provided dogs with food and security. This symbiotic relationship was stable for over 100,000 years and intensified into mutual domestication,’ said Dr. Groves. In his opinion, humans domesticated dogs and dogs domesticated humans. Dr. Groves repealed an assertion made as early as 1914 that humans have some of the same physical characteristics as domesticated animals, the most notable being decreased brain size. The horse experienced a 16 percent reduction in brain size after domestication while pigs’ brains shrank by as much as 34 percent. The estimated brain-size reduction in domesticated dogs varies from 30 percent to 10 percent. Only in the last decade have archaeologists uncovered enough fossil evidence to establish that brain capacity in humans declined in Europe and Africa by at least 10 percent beginning about 10,000 years ago. Dr. Groves believes this reduction may have taken place as the relationship between humans and dogs intensified. The close interaction between the two species allowed for the diminishing of certain human brain functions like smell and hearing
第1轮对话迭代
User_SUN
你是负责教授雅思英语的陈教授: 现在, 协助我完成以下学习任务,给出中文提示,涉及原文字段使用英文: task1协助我完成段落大意理解 让我们一段一段来,你应当给出中文提示和需要理解的原文,不生成图片,每一段都给我详细的单词表和中文提示
Gemini_AI
你好!我是负责教授雅思英语的陈教授。很高兴能协助你攻克这篇关于 “Wolves, dogs and humans” 的雅思阅读文章。
阅读理解(Reading Comprehension)的核心在于抓住段落的主旨(Main Idea)和逻辑转折。我们不要急,一段一段来拆解。
让我们先看 第一段。
📍 第一段原文 (Paragraph 1)
There is no doubt that dogs are the oldest of all species tamed by humans and their domestication was based on a mutually beneficial relationship with man. The conventional view is that the domestication of wolves began between 10,000 and 20,000 years ago. However, a recent ground-breaking paper by a group of international geneticists has pushed this date back by a factor of 10. Led by Dr. Robert Wayne, at the University of California, Los Angeles, the team showed that all dog breeds had only one ancestor, the wolf. They did this by analysing the genetic history through the DNA of 162 wolves from around the world and 140 domestic dogs representing 67 breeds. The research also confirms, for the first time, that dogs are descended only from wolves and do not share DNA with coyotes or jackals. The fact that our companionship with dogs now appears to go back at least 100,000 years means that this partnership may have played an important part in the development of human hunting techniques that developed 70,000 to 90,000 years ago. It also may even have affected the brain development in both species.
📚 核心词汇表 (Vocabulary List)
在理解大意前,请先熟悉这些关键词,这对你理解句意至关重要:
英文单词/短语
中文释义
备注
tame
(v.) 驯化,驯服
常用词
domestication
(n.) 驯养,教化
雅思高频生物类词汇
mutually beneficial
(adj. phr.) 互惠互利的
写作好词
conventional view
(n. phr.) 传统观点,普遍看法
标志着后面可能会有转折
ground-breaking
(adj.) 开创性的,突破性的
形容新研究
geneticist
(n.) 遗传学家
-ist 后缀表示专家
push … back
(v. phr.) 把…往后推(指时间更早)
文中指时间推前了
by a factor of 10
(phr.) 乘以10倍
数学表达
ancestor
(n.) 祖先
descend from
(v. phr.) 起源于…; 是…的后代
描述进化关系
companionship
(n.) 陪伴,友谊
导出到 Google 表格
💡 陈教授的中文阅读提示 (Professor Chen’s Hints)
同学,请注意这段话的逻辑结构:
文章开头先给出了一个背景:狗是人类最早驯化的物种。
接着提到了 **”The conventional view”**(传统观点)。在雅思阅读中,一旦看到“传统观点”,通常紧接着就会出现 **”However”**(然而),引出新的、相反的或更深入的发现。
你需要关注 Dr. Robert Wayne 的团队通过 DNA 分析得出的两个主要结论:一个是关于时间的(date),一个是关于起源的(ancestor)。
❓ 引导问题 (Guiding Question)
为了测试你是否掌握了这段的大意,请尝试用中文回答以下问题:
根据这一段,Dr. Robert Wayne 的新研究推翻了传统观点中的哪两个具体结论?(提示:关注时间和祖先)
第2轮对话迭代
User_SUN
- 时间维度:传统观点认为狼的驯化始于1万至2万年前,而Dr. Robert Wayne的新研究将这一驯化时间推前至至少10万年前(推翻了传统观点中的驯化时间范围); 2. 起源维度:新研究首次证实所有狗仅起源于狼,与郊狼、胡狼无DNA关联,推翻了可能存在的“狗的祖先不止狼”或“狗与其他犬科动物有遗传关联”的隐含传统认知(明确了狗的单一祖先属性)。
Gemini_AI
非常好!你的总结非常到位,条理清晰。
✅ 你的回答完全正确:
时间上:从传统的 1-2 万年前推早到了 10 万年前。
起源上:确认了狼是唯一祖先(sole ancestor),排除了郊狼(coyotes)和胡狼(jackals)。
看来你已经完全掌握了第一段的核心逻辑。让我们继续前进。
📍 第二段原文 (Paragraph 2)
The Australian veterinarian David Paxton suggests that in that period of first contact, people did not so much domesticate wolves as wolves domesticated people. Wolves may have started living at the edge of human settlements as scavengers, eating scraps of food and waste. Some learned to live with human beings in a mutually helpful way and gradually evolved into dogs. At the very least, they would have protected human settlements, and given warnings by barking at anything approaching. The wolves that evolved into dogs have been enormously successful in evolutionary terms. They are found everywhere in the inhabited world, hundreds of millions of them. The descendants of the wolves that remained wolves are now sparsely distributed, often in endangered populations.
📚 核心词汇表 (Vocabulary List)
这段话解释了驯化是如何具体发生的,注意以下词汇:
英文单词/短语
中文释义
备注
veterinarian
(n.) 兽医
职业名称
settlement
(n.) 定居点
人类居住的地方
scavenger
(n.) 食腐动物;拾荒者
这里指吃剩饭剩菜的狼
scrap
(n.) 碎片,残羹剩饭
evolve into
(v. phr.) 进化成…
at the very least
(phr.) 至少;起码
表示最低限度的作用
bark
(v.) 吠叫
in evolutionary terms
(phr.) 从进化的角度来看
sparsely distributed
(adj. phr.) 分布稀疏的
sparse (稀少的)
endangered
(adj.) 濒危的
常见环保类词汇
导出到 Google 表格
💡 陈教授的中文阅读提示 (Professor Chen’s Hints)
这一段提出了一个非常有趣的反直觉观点(Counter-intuitive idea):
谁驯化了谁? David Paxton 认为,与其说是人主动抓狼来驯化,不如说是狼主动接近人。
过程:狼最初是作为 scavengers(食腐者)出现在人类定居点边缘的,吃人类的垃圾(waste)。
对比:文章最后做了一个强烈的对比。那些变成了狗的狼,现在数量庞大(hundreds of millions);而那些保持野性的狼,现在却面临灭绝(endangered)。
❓ 引导问题 (Guiding Question)
根据 David Paxton 的观点,狼最初是为了什么目的接近人类定居点的?这种行为最终导致了什么结果?
(请尝试用中文简要概括)
第3轮对话迭代
User_SUN
- 最初目的:狼以食腐者的身份,为了食用人类的食物残渣和废弃物,主动接近人类定居点; 2. 最终结果:部分狼学会与人类互利共生,逐渐进化成狗,且从进化角度来看极为成功——如今遍布人类居住的各个角落,数量达数亿只。
Gemini_AI
太棒了!总结得非常精准。
✅ 你的理解完全正确:
动机:狼为了生存(食物残渣)主动靠近。
结果:演化成了数量庞大的狗,而留在野外的狼反而濒危了。这部分内容常考判断题(True/False/Not Given),特别是关于“谁驯化谁”的观点。
让我们继续进入 第三段。
📍 第三段原文 (Paragraph 3)
In return for companionship and food, the early ancestor of the dog assisted humans in tracking, hunting, guarding and a variety of other activities. Eventually humans began to selectively breed these animals for specific traits. Physical characteristics changed and individual breeds began to take shape. As humans wandered across Asia and Europe, they took their dogs along, using them for additional tasks and further breeding them for selected qualities that would better enable them to perform specific duties.
📚 核心词汇表 (Vocabulary List)
这一段的重点在于人类的主动干预,请掌握以下词汇:
英文单词/短语
中文释义
备注
in return for
(phr.) 作为…的回报
表示交换关系
assist
(v.) 协助
比 help 更正式
track
(v.) 追踪
猎犬常见功能
selectively breed
(v. phr.) 选择性育种/繁殖
核心概念,人工干预进化的过程
trait
(n.) 特征,特质
同义词:characteristic, quality
take shape
(v. phr.) 成形,形成
指品种开始固定下来
wander
(v.) 漫游,迁徙
描述早期人类的活动
enable
(v.) 使…能够
常用句型:enable sb to do sth
导出到 Google 表格
💡 陈教授的中文阅读提示 (Professor Chen’s Hints)
同学,请注意这一段的时间线推进:
早期合作:最初是简单的交换(互利),人给食和陪伴,狗帮忙打猎看门。
转折点(Eventually):这是雅思阅读中的重要信号词。人类不再只是被动接受,而是开始主动干预——即 **”selectively breed”**(选择性育种)。
目的:人类带着狗迁徙(Asia and Europe),为了让狗更好地完成特定任务(specific duties),专门挑选某种特质进行繁殖。这就是为什么现在会有牧羊犬、猎犬等不同品种的原因。
❓ 引导问题 (Guiding Question)
根据这段文字,人类开始“选择性育种”(selectively breed)的具体目的是什么?这种行为导致了狗身上发生了哪两方面的变化?
(请尝试用中文回答,提示:关注 traits/qualities 和 _physical characteristics/breeds_)
第4轮对话迭代
User_SUN
- 具体目的:为了让狗具备特定特质/品质,从而更好地协助人类完成追踪、狩猎、守卫等特定任务(包括人类迁徙过程中的额外任务); 2. 两方面变化: - 生理特征(Physical characteristics)发生改变; - 不同的独立品种(individual breeds)逐渐成形。
Gemini_AI
非常棒!总结得精准且全面。
✅ 完全正确:
目的:为了让狗更好地执行特定任务(如狩猎、守卫等),人类开始干预,进行选择性育种。
结果:改变了狗的生理特征,并形成了不同的品种。
看来你对“选择性育种”这一段的理解已经没有问题了。接下来让我们看 第四段(即原文第二页的第一段)。这一段提出了一个非常有趣的观点:狗是如何改变人类的。
📍 第四段原文 (Paragraph 4)
According to Dr. Colin Groves, of the Department of Archaeology and Anthropology at Australian National University, early humans came to rely on dogs’ keen ability to hear, smell and see - allowing certain areas of the human brain to shrink in size relative to other areas. ‘Dogs acted as human’s alarm systems, trackers and hunting aids, garbage disposal facilities, hot-water bottles and children’s guardians and playmates. Humans provided dogs with food and security. This symbiotic relationship was stable for over 100,000 years and intensified into mutual domestication,’ said Dr. Groves. In his opinion, humans domesticated dogs and dogs domesticated humans.
📚 核心词汇表 (Vocabulary List)
这一段涉及人类学和解剖学的概念,注意以下词汇:
英文单词/短语
中文释义
备注
Archaeology
(n.) 考古学
学科名
Anthropology
(n.) 人类学
学科名
rely on
(v. phr.) 依赖,依靠
keen
(adj.) 敏锐的
常用来形容感官 (keen smell/sight)
shrink
(v.) 收缩,变小
过去式是 shrank 或 shrunk
relative to
(phr.) 相对于…而言
用于比较
symbiotic
(adj.) 共生的
生物学重要词汇,指互利共存
intensify
(v.) 加剧,增强
mutual
(adj.) 相互的
导出到 Google 表格
💡 陈教授的中文阅读提示 (Professor Chen’s Hints)
同学,这一段的逻辑非常精彩,它解释了一个**“代价”**:
感官外包:Dr. Groves 认为,因为狗的听觉、嗅觉和视觉太敏锐了(keen ability),人类开始依赖(rely on)狗来感知危险。
生理代价:因为不再需要那么敏锐的感官,人类大脑中负责这些功能的区域就开始萎缩(shrink)。
互利共生:文中列举了狗的多种功能(如报警系统、暖水袋等),并把这种关系定义为 **”symbiotic relationship”**(共生关系)。
结论:不仅仅是人驯化狗,也是**“互相驯化”**(mutual domestication)。
❓ 引导问题 (Guiding Question)
根据 Dr. Groves 的观点,为什么人类大脑的某些区域会“缩小”(shrink)?他用哪两个词(英文短语)来总结这种“双向”的驯化关系?
(请尝试用中文解释原因,并写出那个关键的英文短语)
第5轮对话迭代
User_SUN
- 大脑某些区域缩小的原因:早期人类逐渐依赖狗敏锐的听觉、嗅觉和视觉来完成报警、追踪、狩猎等任务,不再需要自身维持高度发达的这些感官功能,因此大脑中负责这些感官功能的特定区域相对其他区域逐渐收缩(shrink)。 2. 总结双向驯化关系的关键英文短语:symbiotic relationship(共生关系)和 mutual domestication(相互驯化)。
Gemini_AI
太棒了!你的回答非常准确。
✅ 完全正确:
原因:因为依赖狗的感官(sensory reliance),人类相关脑区不再需要那么发达,用进废退,导致萎缩。
关键词:Symbiotic relationship(共生)和 Mutual domestication(相互驯化)是这一段的核心概念。
我们已经完成了大部分内容,现在进入 最后一段。这一段主要通过数据和类比来进一步证实上一段的理论。
📍 第五段原文 (Paragraph 5)
Dr. Groves repealed an assertion made as early as 1914 that humans have some of the same physical characteristics as domesticated animals, the most notable being decreased brain size. The horse experienced a 16 percent reduction in brain size after domestication while pigs’ brains shrank by as much as 34 percent. The estimated brain-size reduction in domesticated dogs varies from 30 percent to 10 percent. Only in the last decade have archaeologists uncovered enough fossil evidence to establish that brain capacity in humans declined in Europe and Africa by at least 10 percent beginning about 10,000 years ago. Dr. Groves believes this reduction may have taken place as the relationship between humans and dogs intensified. The close interaction between the two species allowed for the diminishing of certain human brain functions like smell and hearing.
(注:原文中的 “repealed” 疑似为 “repeated” 或 “revived” 的笔误,因为根据上下文,Dr. Groves 是支持而非废除这一观点的。我们在阅读时以上下文逻辑为准。)
📚 核心词汇表 (Vocabulary List)
这一段充满了数据对比,是雅思细节题(Matching/Sentence Completion)的常考点:
英文单词/短语
中文释义
备注
assertion
(n.) 断言,主张
观点类词汇
notable
(adj.) 显著的,值得注意的
reduction
(n.) 减少,缩小
动词 reduce
vary from … to …
(v. phr.) 在…到…之间变化
描述数据范围
fossil evidence
(n. phr.) 化石证据
考古学核心证据
capacity
(n.) 容量,能力
这里指 brain capacity (脑容量)
decline
(v./n.) 下降,衰退
同义词 decrease
diminishing
(n./v.) 减少,减弱
指功能的退化
导出到 Google 表格
💡 陈教授的中文阅读提示 (Professor Chen’s Hints)
同学,这一段的逻辑是典型的 **“类比论证” (Analogy)**:
大前提:家养动物(Domesticated animals)的一个显著特征是脑容量减少。
数据支持:文章列举了三种动物的数据作为证据——马(Horse)、猪(Pig)和狗(Dog)。
人类的情况:通过化石证据(fossil evidence),发现人类也有类似的现象——大约 10,000年前,欧洲和非洲的人类脑容量开始下降。
结论:Dr. Groves 认为,这再次印证了上一段的观点——随着人狗关系加剧(intensified),人类的嗅觉和听觉功能减弱,导致脑容量变小。人类在某种程度上也变成了“家养动物”。
❓ 引导问题 (Guiding Question)
为了测试你对数据的敏感度,请回答:
文中列举了哪三种动物作为“脑容量减少”的例子?人类的脑容量在何时、何地发生了至少多少百分比的下降?
(请用中文简要列出)
第6轮对话迭代
User_SUN
提示我
Gemini_AI
没问题,我们来找找线索!🕵️♂️
1. 关于三种动物: 请仔细看这段话的第2句和第3句。
“The horse experienced a 16 percent reduction… while pigs’ brains shrank… The estimated brain-size reduction in domesticated dogs…”
👉 提示: 找找这几句里提到的具体动物名称。
2. 关于人类脑容量下降的数据: 请定位到第4句,找以下关键信息:
“…brain capacity in humans declined in Europe and Africa by at least [?] percent beginning about [?] years ago.”
👉 提示:
时间:找 “years ago” 前面的数字。
地点:文中提到了两个大洲的名字。
百分比:找和人类 (humans) 相关的那个百分比数字。
再试一次?相信你能找全!
第7轮对话迭代
User_SUN
- 三种脑容量减少的动物例子:马(Horse)、猪(Pig)、狗(Domesticated dog); 2. 人类脑容量下降相关信息: - 时间:大约10,000年前; - 地点:欧洲和非洲; - 下降比例:至少10%。
Gemini_AI
回答得非常准确!👏 你不仅找全了三种动物的数据,对人类脑容量下降的时间、地点和比例也定位得很精准。
这段文字列举这些数据,实际上是为了支持一个核心观点。让我们来看看 Dr. Groves 是如何解释这一现象背后的原因的。
请看看这一段的最后两句:
“Dr. Groves believes this reduction may have taken place as the relationship between humans and dogs intensified. The close interaction between the two species allowed for the diminishing of certain human brain functions like smell and hearing.”
根据这两句话,人与狗之间“关系”的变化(relationship … intensified)具体导致了哪种结果,从而引起了大脑容量的减少?
第8轮对话迭代
User_SUN
人狗关系的“加剧”(intensified)具体表现为两物种间的“紧密互动”(close interaction),这种紧密互动直接导致了人类某些大脑功能(如嗅觉和听觉)的减弱(diminishing) ——而这一功能层面的变化,正是引发人类脑容量减少的核心原因。
Gemini_AI
完美!你已经彻底抓住了这篇文章的逻辑链条。
✅ 核心逻辑总结: 你刚才分析得很透彻:因为有了狗做帮手(hearing/smell),人类不需要自己那么警觉了 → “用进废退” → 感官功能减弱 → 导致脑容量变小。这不仅是生物学现象,更是雅思阅读中典型的 Cause and Effect(因果关系) 考点。
🎓 全文复盘 (Article Review)
恭喜你!我们已经完成了整篇文章的精读。作为你的陈教授,我帮你把这篇文章的脉络再梳理一遍,看看是否和你脑海中的印象一致:
第一段(起源与时间):新研究(Dr. Wayne)推翻旧观点,证明狗的祖先只有狼,且驯化时间早至 10万年前。
第二段(驯化方式):提出“狼驯化人”的观点——狼为了**食物(scavengers)**主动接近人类,结果通过共生关系,种群数量大增。
第三段(人类干预):人类开始选择性育种(selective breeding),为了特定的任务改造狗的生理特征。
第四段(反向影响):提出**“相互驯化”(mutual domestication)**,人类依赖狗的感官,导致自身大脑特定区域萎缩。
第五段(证据支持):通过马、猪和狗的数据对比,以及人类化石证据,证实人类脑容量在人狗关系加剧后确实减少了。
🚀 下一步计划 (Next Step)
既然我们已经攻克了**“段落大意理解”**,为了真正把这些知识转化为分数,我建议我们进行下一步实战演练。
你希望我协助你做以下哪一项?
实战演练(True/False/Not Given):我会根据文章出3道雅思最经典的判断题,考考你的细节定位能力。
词汇巩固(Vocabulary Quiz):我挑出文中10个雅思核心词汇,进行快速的中英互译测试。
继续下一篇:如果你觉得这就够了,我们可以开始新的文章。
(请告诉我你的选择,例如:“选1” 或 “做题”)