day11对话导出
雅思学习任务：day11
对话导出时间：25-11-06 22:52:57 星期四
学习材料
1
原文速记：
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE A. The history of the English language is a tale of centuries of evolution. In the fifth century AD, Britain was invaded by Germanic tribes from present-day Germany and Denmark. The Angles, Saxons, and Jutes brought with them dialects of the West Germanic family of languages, which are the ancestors of English. The Angles were named from Engle, their land of origin. Their language was called Englisc, which is the origin of the word English. These invaders pushed the original Celtic-speaking inhabitants out of what is now England into Scotland, Wales, Cornwall, and Ireland, leaving behind a few Celtic words. One of these was the Celtic word “brocc”, which became the modern English word badger. Others include place names such as London, Dover, and Kent. B. The next wave of invaders was the Vikings from present-day Norway and Denmark, who spoke Old Norse, a North Germanic language. Many English words that begin with “sk” are of Old Norse origin, such as sky, skill, and skin. The Vikings also gave us the pronouns they, their, and them. Although the Vikings left their mark on the English language, they did not add many words to the English vocabulary because the English already had words for the things the Vikings discussed. However, the Old Norse word “happ” meaning chance or good luck did make it into modern English as the word happy. C. The next invasion of Britain took place in 1066, when William the Conqueror of France invaded England, bringing the French language with him. French became the language of the Norman aristocracy and added more than 10,000 words to the English language. The words crown, castle, court, parliament, army, and government all come from French, as do justice, crime, prison, and tax. The French also left their mark on English spelling. For example, the Old English “cw” was changed to the French “qu”, so the Old English word “cwene” became “queen”. Similarly, the Old English word “myln” became mill, and “cniht” became “knight”. The French also gave us many words that we use to describe food. The words “beef, mutton, pork, and veal” come from the French words “boeuf, mouton, porc, and veau”. However, the animals from which these meats come have Anglo-Saxon names: cow, sheep, pig, and calf. This is Access https://ieltsonlinetests.com for more practices page 2 because the Anglo-Saxons were the ones looking after the animals, while the Normans were the ones who got to eat them. D. Up until the 14th century, the English used the Roman numerals they had learned from the Normans. Then, in 1392, a Welshman named Geoffrey Chaucer wrote a poem called A Treatise on the Astrolabe, in which he used Hindu-Arabic numerals (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) for the first time in English. He also wrote The Canterbury Tales, which was the first book of poetry written in English. Chaucer is known as the Father of English literature because he was the first person to prove that English was not a vulgar language but could be used for literary purposes. His works were written in Middle English, which is the name given to the English used from the 11th to the 15th centuries. E. In 1476, William Caxton introduced the printing press to England. Books became cheaper and more people learned to read. However, English spelling was still not standardised, and the same word was often spelt several different ways in the same book. Caxton himself was inconsistent, spelling the word book in three different ways on the same page. Caxton published many books in English, which helped it to be standardised more and expand the English vocabulary by introducing words such as canon, catholic, chapter, and history. The first English dictionary, Robert Cawdrey’s Table Alphabetical, was published in 1604. It contained 3,000 words, each with a simple definition. The definitions were so simple, in fact, that the word apples was defined as a word used to describe more than one apple. F. The English Renaissance saw the invention of new words, as well as new uses for existing ones. The word muscle, for example, comes from the Latin word meaning little mouse. Renaissance doctors thought that the muscles of the human body looked like little mice running around under people’s skin. The word fact comes from the Latin word factum, meaning a thing done. Before the Renaissance, a fact was simply something that people did. It was only in the 16th century that the word fact was used to mean something that is true.
雅思阅读：英语发展史
对话导出时间：25-11-07 22:52:57 星期五
第1轮对话迭代
User_SUN
你是负责教授雅思英语的陈教授: 现在， 协助我完成以下学习任务，给出中文提示，涉及原文字段使用英文: task1协助我完成段落大意理解 让我们一段一段来，你应当给出中文提示和需要理解的原文
Gemini_AI
好的，我们开始吧。我将扮演陈教授的角色，引导你完成这个雅思阅读任务。按照你的要求，我们一段一段来。
首先，请阅读A段：
A. The history of the English language is a tale of centuries of evolution. In the fifth century AD, Britain was invaded by Germanic tribes from present-day Germany and Denmark. The Angles, Saxons, and Jutes brought with them dialects of the West Germanic family of languages, which are the ancestors of English. The Angles were named from Engle, their land of origin. Their language was called Englisc, which is the origin of the word English. These invaders pushed the original Celtic-speaking inhabitants out of what is now England into Scotland, Wales, Cornwall, and Ireland, leaving behind a few Celtic words. One of these was the Celtic word “brocc”, which became the modern English word badger. Others include place names such as London, Dover, and Kent.
读完后，请你用中文总结一下A段的主要内容是关于什么？它描述了哪个时间段和哪些事件？
第2轮对话迭代
User_SUN
我有好多词不认识，能不能教我猜测他们的正确意思？和整理段落逻辑
Gemini_AI
当然，这两个正是雅思阅读的核心技能。我们不需要认识每一个词，关键是学会如何根据上下文猜测词义，以及如何快速抓住段落的核心逻辑（也就是段落大意）。
我们就用 A 段来一起练习这个过程。
1. 如何猜测词义？
我们来看一个例子。比如 A 段中的这句话：
“…Britain was invaded by Germanic tribes from present-day Germany and Denmark.”
上下文线索：就算你不认识
invaded，我们可以看后面的信息。"by Germanic tribes"(被日耳曼部落) …"brought with them dialects"(他们带来了方言)。逻辑推理：一个部落从德国和丹麦来到不列颠，并且带来了他们的语言。这个动作
invaded很有可能是什么意思？（提示：这通常是一个带有武力色彩的词）。
这通常意味着“入侵”或“侵略”。通过这种方式，即使不认识这个词，我们也能大致理解发生了什么。
你在 A 段中还有哪些词不确定意思？你可以提出来，我们用同样的方法试试看。
2. 如何抓住段落逻辑？
抓住段落大意的最好方法是找到主题句 (Topic Sentence)。它通常是段落的第一句或第二句，它会告诉你这一整段要讲什么。
A 段的主题句：
"The history of the English language is a tale of centuries of evolution."(英语的历史就是一个长达数个世纪的演变故事。)逻辑分析：这句话告诉我们，A 段会讲英语“演变”的“历史”。
验证：接下来的句子是不是都在讲历史？是的。
"In the fifth century AD..."(公元5世纪，这是时间)"...invaded by Germanic tribes..."(日耳曼部落入侵，这是事件)"...brought with them dialects..."(带来了方言，这是结果)。
你的任务 (Task 1 - A段)
好了，结合我们刚才讲的两个技巧，请你再试一次：
用中文总结一下 A 段 的大意。它主要讲的是英语历史的哪个开端？涉及到哪些人和语言？
第3轮对话迭代
User_SUN
英语的起源相关背景。时间段是公元 5 世纪，事件是日耳曼部落（盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特人）从如今的德国和丹麦入侵不列颠，带来西日耳曼语方言（英语的祖先），驱逐了原本说凯尔特语的居民，留下少量凯尔特词汇和地名。
Gemini_AI
你总结得非常准确，完全正确。
A 段的核心逻辑就是你说的：**英语的起源 (The ancestors of English)，关键事件是日耳曼部落的入侵 (invaded by Germanic tribes)**，他们带来的语言 (West Germanic dialects) 最终演变成了英语 (Englisc -> English)，并取代了原有的凯尔特语 (Celtic-speaking inhabitants)。
我们接着看 B 段。请阅读：
B. The next wave of invaders was the Vikings from present-day Norway and Denmark, who spoke Old Norse, a North Germanic language. Many English words that begin with “sk” are of Old Norse origin, such as sky, skill, and skin. The Vikings also gave us the pronouns they, their, and them. Although the Vikings left their mark on the English language, they did not add many words to the English vocabulary because the English already had words for the things the Vikings discussed. However, the Old Norse word “happ” meaning chance or good luck did make it into modern English as the word happy.
任务 (Task 1 - B 段):
读完后，请思考：
继日耳曼部落之后，第二波入侵者 (The next wave of invaders) 是谁？
他们带来了什么语言 (Old Norse)，并给英语留下了哪些具体的词汇例子？
第4轮对话迭代
User_SUN
第二波入侵者是来自如今挪威和丹麦的维京人。他们带来了一种语言交Old Norse
Gemini_AI
你说的没错，第二波入侵者是维京人，他们带来了古诺尔斯语 (Old Norse)。
B 段接着举了几个他们留下来的词汇。你能在原文中找到那些具体的例子吗？
提示一下，原文提到了：
Many English words that begin with “sk”...(许多以 “sk” 开头的词…)The Vikings also gave us the pronouns...(维京人还给了我们代词…)还有一个关于 “happy” 的词源。
请在 B 段中找出这些具体的词。
第5轮对话迭代
User_SUN
给个详细单词表帮帮我吧
Gemini_AI
当然，我们练习雅思阅读时，一个非常好的策略是不需要弄懂每一个词，而是抓住那些能回答问题的“信号词”和“关键词”。
我们现在的任务是找出B段中提到的，维京人带来的具体词汇例子。
让我们一起来“扫描”(Scanning) 这段话，找出那些例子。这比背一个完整的单词表要高效得多。
请看原文中的这几句，你来找出那些词：
Many English words that begin with “sk” are of Old Norse origin, **such as**...- 提示： 英文中 “such as” （例如）后面跟着的词，就是我们要找的例子。
The Vikings also gave us the **pronouns**...- 提示： 这里的
pronouns(代词) 是关键词，它后面跟着的三个词就是例子。
- 提示： 这里的
...the Old Norse word “happ”... did make it into modern English as the word...- 提示： “happ” 变成了哪个现代词？
你把这三处找到的词告诉我，我们就完成了B段的词汇任务。
第6轮对话迭代
User_SUN
- such as 后：sky、skill、skin 2. pronouns 后：they、their、them 3. “happ” 演变：happy
Gemini_AI
你找得非常准，完全正确！
- B段总结：继日耳曼部落之后，第二波入侵者是**维京人 (Vikings)**。他们带来了古诺尔斯语 (Old Norse)，并贡献了
sky,skill,skin这类 “sk” 词，以及they,their,them等代词，还有happy(源自happ)。
我们已经梳理了英语的前两个主要影响来源。现在，我们来看第三个，也是影响最大的一个。
请阅读 C 段：
C. The next invasion of Britain took place in 1066, when William the Conqueror of France invaded England, bringing the French language with him. French became the language of the Norman aristocracy and added more than 10,000 words to the English language. The words crown, castle, court, parliament, army, and government all come from French, as do justice, crime, prison, and tax. The French also left their mark on English spelling. For example, the Old English “cw” was changed to the French “qu”, so the Old English word “cwene” became “queen”. Similarly, the Old English word “myln” became mill, and “cniht” became “knight”. The French also gave us many words that we use to describe food. The words “beef, mutton, pork, and veal” come from the French words “boeuf, mouton, porc, and veau”. However, the animals from which these meats come have Anglo-Saxon names: cow, sheep, pig, and calf. This is because the Anglo-Saxons were the ones looking after the animals, while the Normans were the ones who got to eat them.
任务 (Task 1 - C 段):
这一段很关键。请你告诉我：
第三次入侵 (The next invasion) 发生在1066年，是谁来了？
他们带来了什么语言？这种语言给英语增加了多少词汇？
你能从这段话里找到一些例子吗？（提示：原文提到了好几类，比如政治/法律、拼写和食物相关的词。）
第7轮对话迭代
User_SUN
提示详细些
Gemini_AI
You’ve got it. Let’s break down section C together. It’s a bit longer, but we can find the key information by looking for specific signals in the text.
Here are the key parts of the paragraph, with some hints:
Who and When?
“The next invasion of Britain took place in 1066, when William the Conqueror of France invaded England, bringing the French language with him.”
- This directly answers the first question: Who came in 1066, and what language did they bring?
How big was the impact?
“French… added more than 10,000 words to the English language.”
- This tells us the scale of the change.
What kinds of words? (Examples)
Government/Law: “The words crown, castle, court, parliament, army, and government all come from French, as do justice, crime, prison, and tax.”
Spelling: “The French also left their mark on English spelling… the Old English ‘cwene’ became ‘queen’.”
Food: “The words ‘beef, mutton, pork, and veal‘ come from the French words…”
Now, based on these specific hints, can you summarize your answers for section C?
Who invaded in 1066?
What language did they bring, and roughly how many words did it add?
What are some examples of words or changes they brought? (You can just list a few).
第8轮对话迭代
User_SUN
中文提升我
Gemini_AI
哎呀，抱歉，陈教授刚才不小心“切换”了语言模式。我们回到中文。
好的，你需要C段的中文详细提示，没问题。这一段信息量很大，我们来拆解一下：
关键事件和人物 (Who and When?):
“The next invasion of Britain took place in 1066, when William the Conqueror of France invaded England, bringing the French language with him.”
- 提示：看这个时间 1066 年，和这个关键人物 “William the Conqueror of France” (法国的征服者威廉)。他带来了什么语言？
影响有多大 (How big was the impact?):
“French… added more than 10,000 words to the English language.”
- 提示：这是一个巨大的数字，一万多个词。
增加了哪些词？(Examples)
**提示1 (政治法律类)**：在这一句里找例子:
"The words crown, castle, court, parliament, army, and government all come from French, as do justice, crime, prison, and tax."(比如crown,castle,government… 都是)**提示2 (拼写改变)**：在这一句里找例子:
"For example, the Old English “cw” was changed to the French “qu”, so the Old English word “cwene” became “queen”."(比如 “cwene” 变成了 “queen”)**提示3 (食物类)**：在这一句里找例子:
"The words “beef, mutton, pork, and veal” come from the French words..."
一个有趣的文化现象 (An interesting contrast):
“…the animals… have Anglo-Saxon names: cow, sheep, pig, and calf… the Anglo-Saxons were the ones looking after the animals, while the Normans were the ones who got to eat them.”
- 提示：为什么英语中，动物（如
cow）和它们的肉（如beef）名字不一样？这段话最后一句给出了原因。
- 提示：为什么英语中，动物（如
任务 (Task 1 - C 段):
好了，根据这些中文提示，请你用中文总结一下 C 段的大意。
第9轮对话迭代
User_SUN
1066 年，法国的征服者威廉入侵英国并带来法语，为英语新增了一万多个词汇,中文和我对话
Gemini_AI
你说得非常对！1066年征服者威廉带来的法语，是英语历史上一次极其重大的（adopting）“升级”。
你已经抓住了关键人物、时间和主要影响。
现在，我们来看C段的第二部分：具体的例子。
C段用"all come from French"、"For example"和"The words..."这样的信号词，给我们分了几类例子。
你能从C段中，再帮我找出分别属于这几类的词吗？
政治/法律类 (原文提到
government,parliament,justice等)食物类 (原文提到
beef,pork等)
第10轮对话迭代
User_SUN
政治 / 法律类 crown、castle、court、parliament、army、government、justice、crime、prison、tax 食物类 beef、mutton、pork、veal
Gemini_AI
你找得非常准，完全正确！
政治/法律类：
crown(王冠)、castle(城堡)、court(法庭)、parliament(议会)、army(军队)、government(政府)，以及justice(司法)、crime(罪行)、prison(监狱)、tax(税收)。食物类：
beef(牛肉)、mutton(羊肉)、pork(猪肉)、veal(小牛肉)。
C段总结：1066年诺曼征服（法国人）带来了法语，为英语贡献了海量的（超过10,000个）词汇，尤其是在政府、法律和高级烹饪领域。
我们已经梳理了英语的前三个主要影响来源。现在，我们来看第四个。
请阅读 D 段：
D. Up until the 14th century, the English used the Roman numerals they had learned from the Normans. Then, in 1392, a Welshman named Geoffrey Chaucer wrote a poem called A Treatise on the Astrolabe, in which he used Hindu-Arabic numerals (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) for the first time in English. He also wrote The Canterbury Tales, which was the first book of poetry written in English. Chaucer is known as the Father of English literature because he was the first person to prove that English was not a vulgar language but could be used for literary purposes. His works were written in Middle English, which is the name given to the English used from the 11th to the 15th centuries.
任务 (Task 1 - D 段):
这一段主要在讲一个关键人物和他在两个方面的贡献。请你告诉我：
这个人是谁 (Geoffrey Chaucer)？
他在数字方面有什么贡献？
他在文学方面有什么贡献（以及为什么他被称为“英国文学之父”）？
第11轮对话迭代
User_SUN
关键人物：Geoffrey Chaucer（杰弗雷・乔叟） 数字方面贡献：1392 年在诗作《论星盘》中，首次在英语里使用阿拉伯数字（0、1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9）。 文学方面贡献及称号原因：创作了第一部英语诗歌集《坎特伯雷故事集》；他首次证明英语并非粗俗语言，而是可用于文学创作的语言，因此被称为 “英国文学之父”，其作品以中古英语（11-15 世纪的英语）写成。
Gemini_AI
总结得非常棒，D段的核心信息被你完全抓住了！
- D段总结：这一段的焦点是乔叟 (Geoffrey Chaucer)。他不仅是第一个在英语中使用阿拉伯数字的人，更重要的是，他通过《坎特伯雷故事集》这样的作品，提升了英语的文学地位，证明了英语可以用于高级文学创作，因此被尊为“英国文学之父”。
我们接着看 E 段，这一段讲到了一个对知识传播至关重要的发明。
请阅读 E 段：
E. In 1476, William Caxton introduced the printing press to England. Books became cheaper and more people learned to read. However, English spelling was still not standardised, and the same word was often spelt several different ways in the same book. Caxton himself was inconsistent, spelling the word book in three different ways on the same page. Caxton published many books in English, which helped it to be standardised more and expand the English vocabulary by introducing words such as canon, catholic, chapter, and history. The first English dictionary, Robert Cawdrey’s Table Alphabetical, was published in 1604. It contained 3,000 words, each with a simple definition. The definitions were so simple, in fact, that the word apples was defined as a word used to describe more than one apple.
任务 (Task 1 - E 段):
读完后，请思考：
1476年发生了什么重大事件 (William Caxton 带来了什么)？这带来了什么好处？
尽管有这个进步，但当时英语在哪个方面仍然存在问题 (not standardised)？
1604年又发生了什么事？（提示：关于 “dictionary”）
第12轮对话迭代
User_SUN
1476 年：威廉・卡克斯顿（William Caxton）将印刷机引入英国；好处是书籍变便宜、更多人学会阅读，还助力英语拼写标准化和词汇扩充。 存在的问题：英语拼写尚未标准化（spelling not standardised），同一单词在同一本书中常有多种拼写形式。 1604 年：第一本英语词典 —— 罗伯特・考德里（Robert Cawdrey）的《Table Alphabetical》出版，收录 3000 个单词，每个单词配有简单释义。
Gemini_AI
你总结得非常到位，E段的三个核心信息点——印刷机、拼写问题、词典——都抓住了。
- E段总结：1476年印刷机 (printing press) 的引入是关键转折点，它促进了知识普及 (books cheaper) 和英语的标准化 (standardised)。但拼写问题依然存在。最终，1604年第一本词典 (first English dictionary) 问世，标志着标准化迈出了重要一步。
我们来看最后一段，F段，它讲到了文艺复兴时期词汇的变化。
请阅读 F 段：
F. The English Renaissance saw the invention of new words, as well as new uses for existing ones. The word muscle, for example, comes from the Latin word meaning little mouse. Renaissance doctors thought that the muscles of the human body looked like little mice running around under people’s skin. The word fact comes from the Latin word factum, meaning a thing done. Before the Renaissance, a fact was simply something that people did. It was only in the 16th century that the word fact was used to mean something that is true.
任务 (Task 1 - F 段):
这一段讲了词汇的两种变化：
**发明新词 (invention of new words)**：段中用
muscle(肌肉) 这个词举例，它的起源是什么？**旧词新用 (new uses for existing ones)**：段中用
fact(事实) 这个词举例，它的词义在16世纪发生了什么变化？
第13轮对话迭代
User_SUN
muscle 的起源：源自拉丁语，原意为 “little mouse”（小老鼠），因文艺复兴时期医生认为人体肌肉形似皮肤下跑动的小老鼠。 fact 的词义变化：16 世纪前指 “人们做的事”，16 世纪后变为 “真实的事”（即 “事实”）。 整理一份F 段词汇变化考点笔记我看看
Gemini_AI
你总结得非常准确！F段的两个核心例子——muscle 和 fact——你都理解得很透彻。
你提的要求很好，把F段的知识点整理成考点笔记，非常有助于复习。
F段 词汇演变 (Word Evolution) 考点笔记
F段主要展示了英语在文艺复兴时期 (The English Renaissance) 丰富词汇的两种方式：
1. 词源新生 (Invention of New Words)
核心概念：从其他语言（尤其是拉丁语）借入词汇，并赋予其新的英语含义。
考点例子:
muscle(肌肉)词源 (Origin): 来自拉丁词
musculus。原意 (Original Meaning): “little mouse” (小老鼠)。
演变原因 (Reason): 基于形态的联想 (visual similarity)。文艺复兴时期的医生 (Renaissance doctors) 认为绷紧的肌肉
looked like little mice running around under people’s skin(像皮肤下乱跑的小老鼠)。
2. 旧词新义 (New Uses for Existing Words)
核心概念：一个已经存在的词，其含义随着时间发生了演变（通常是变得更抽象或更精确）。
考点例子:
fact(事实)词源 (Origin): 来自拉丁词
factum。原意 (Original Meaning): “a thing done” (一件已做完的事)。
词义演变 (Evolution):
16世纪前:
simply something that people did(人们所做的事)。16世纪后:
something that is true(真实的事物)。
我们已经逐段完成了A到F段的理解，你做得非常好。
现在，我们把所有段落合起来看。你能试着用一两句中文，总结一下这篇名为 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE (英语的发展) 的文章，其中心思想是什么吗？
第14轮对话迭代
User_SUN
你帮我整理一份词汇表吧，全文的，尽可能详细
Gemini_AI
Let’s build that vocabulary list. A great way to review is to organize the words by the paragraph where we found them.
Here are the key terms from each section.
A 段 (The Origins)
Word (单词)
Part of Speech (词性)
Meaning (中文释义)
Context/Example (文中语境/例子)
evolution
n.
演变，进化
...a tale of centuries of evolution. (一个世纪演变的故事。)
invaded
v.
入侵
...Britain was invaded by Germanic tribes... (不列颠被日耳曼部落入侵…)
tribes
n.
部落
...Germanic tribes... (日耳曼部落)
dialects
n.
方言
...brought with them dialects... (带来了他们的方言…)
ancestors
n.
祖先
...which are the ancestors of English. (它们是英语的祖先。)
origin
n.
起源
...their land of origin. (他们起源的土地。)
inhabitants
n.
居民
...pushed the original Celtic-speaking inhabitants... (把说凯尔特语的本地居民赶走了…)
导出到 Google 表格
B 段 (The Vikings)
Word (单词)
Part of Speech (词性)
Meaning (中文释义)
Context/Example (文中语境/例子)
wave
n.
(一)波, (一)浪
The next wave of invaders... (下一波入侵者…)
invaders
n.
入侵者
The next wave of invaders... (下一波入侵者…)
Old Norse
n.
古诺尔斯语
...who spoke Old Norse... (他们说古诺尔斯语…)
pronouns
n.
代词
...gave us the pronouns they, their, and them. (给了我们代词 they, their, them。)
vocabulary
n.
词汇(量)
...did not add many words to the English vocabulary... (没有给英语词汇增加很多词。)
导出到 Google 表格
C 段 (The Normans & French)
Word (单词)
Part of Speech (词性)
Meaning (中文释义)
Context/Example (文中语境/例子)
conqueror
n.
征服者
...William the Conqueror of France... (法国的征服者威廉。)
aristocracy
n.
贵族(阶层)
...language of the Norman aristocracy... (诺曼贵族的语言。)
parliament
n.
议会
...crown, castle, court, parliament... (王冠、城堡、法庭、议会…)
justice
n.
司法, 公正
...as do justice, crime, prison, and tax. (司法、罪行、监狱和税收也是。)
spelling
n.
拼写
...left their mark on English spelling. (在英语拼写上留下了印记。)
veal
n.
小牛肉
...beef, mutton, pork, and veal... (牛肉、羊肉、猪肉和小牛肉…)
Anglo-Saxon
n.
盎格鲁-撒克逊人
...animals... have Anglo-Saxon names... (动物…有着盎格鲁-撒克逊名字…)
导出到 Google 表格
D 段 (Chaucer & Middle English)
Word (单词)
Part of Speech (词性)
Meaning (中文释义)
Context/Example (文中语境/例子)
numerals
n.
数字
...used the Roman numerals... (使用罗马数字…)
treatise
n.
(专题)论文
...a poem called A Treatise on the Astrolabe... (一首叫《论星盘》的诗。)
vulgar
adj.
粗俗的, 通俗的
...English was not a vulgar language... (英语不是一种粗俗的语言…)
literary
adj.
文学的
...could be used for literary purposes. (可以被用于文学目的。)
Middle English
n.
中古英语
...His works were written in Middle English... (他的作品是用中古英语写的。)
导出到 Google 表格
E 段 (Printing Press & Dictionary)
Word (单词)
Part of Speech (词性)
Meaning (中文释义)
Context/Example (文中语境/例子)
printing press
n.
(活字)印刷机
...introduced the printing press to England. (将印刷机引入英国。)
standardised
adj. / v.
标准化的 / 使…标准化
...English spelling was still not standardised. (英语拼写仍未标准化。)
inconsistent
adj.
不一致的
Caxton himself was inconsistent... (卡克斯顿自己(的拼写)也不一致…)
dictionary
n.
S**
The first English dictionary... (第一本英语词典…)
definition
n.
定义, 释义
...each with a simple definition. (每个词都有一个简单的释义。)
导出到 Google 表格
F 段 (The Renaissance)
Word (单词)
Part of Speech (词性)
Meaning (中文释义)
Context/Example (文中语境/例子)
Renaissance
n.
文艺复兴
The English Renaissance... (英国文艺复兴…)
invention
n.
发明, 创造
...saw the invention of new words... (见证了新词的发明…)
existing
adj.
现存的, 已有的
...new uses for existing ones. (…以及现有词汇的新用法。)
muscle
n.
肌肉
The word muscle... comes from... 'little mouse'. (muscle…来自’小老鼠’。)
factum
n.
(拉丁语)已做的事
...from the Latin word factum... (来自拉丁词 factum…)
导出到 Google 表格
We’ve got a solid list here.
Now that we have this vocabulary, a good next step is to make sure we can use it. We could:
Quiz ourselves: I can pick 5-10 words, and you try to use them in a new sentence.
Look at word parts: We could look at words like “invader” (from “invade”) or “literary” (from “literature”) to see how English builds new words.
Move to the next task: We can tackle a new reading skill.
What feels most helpful for you right now?