day7对话导出
雅思学习任务:day7
对话导出时间:25-11-02 16:44:40 星期日
学习材料
原文速记:
Physiology and Criminality Prior to the 19th century, criminality was considered more of a moral or philosophical issue. Only with the advent of Italian anthropologist Cesare Lombroso did the subject of criminality take a more scientific turn. With the publication of his theories of criminal behaviour, Lombroso advanced the idea that criminal behaviour was attributable to physiological disposition rather than to any existential reasons. In his ‘atavistic form’ theory published in 1876, Lombroso claimed that criminality was heritable. He proposed that a distinct biological class of people were prone to criminality. Such people, he claimed, exhibited ‘atavistic’ or primitive features and were ‘throwbacks’, bearing physical resemblances to Man’s predecessors, the Neanderthals. Characterised by a strong, well-defined jaw and heavy brow, they certainly had little to recommend them in the beauty stakes. With such features, coupled with a tendency towards criminal behaviour, Lombroso’s atavistic type was certainly not cut out for social success. Just for good measure, Lombroso also included other distinguishing features to identify criminals, such as bloodshot eyes and curly hair for murderers and thick lips and protruding ears for sex offenders. It has to be wondered, given the unusual appearance with which they were credited, how such individuals would have got close enough to their victims to begin with and, more to the point, how any such criminals hoped to get away with their crime, seeing as they were so readily identifiable. In hindsight, Lombroso’s hypothesis seems ludicrous and deeply flawed. One major failing in Lombroso’s theory of an atavistic type is that no proper controls were used in studies designed to support his hypo-thesis. All individuals were confined to a criminal population, no comparison being made at the time with Access https://ieltsonlinetests.com for more practices page 6 non-criminal control groups. Secondly, the concept of what constitutes a crime is in itself a social construct and can vary cross-culturally and over time. Therefore, the argument that criminal behaviour is inherited is hard to sustain. Finally, in the light of modern genetic research, complex behaviours are not considered to be controlled by single genes, thereby completely ruling out any possibility of inherited criminality. Surprisingly, given his strong conviction of a biological disposition towards criminality, Lombroso later modified his views to admit environmental influences in determining criminal behaviour. Such views now form the basis of contemporary theories of criminality. In recognition of this fact, contemporary criminologists have bestowed on Lombroso the honorary title ‘the father of criminology’. Furthermore, despite scientific failings in his experimental approach, Lombroso is to be credited with shifting the study of criminal behaviour from a moral basis to an empirical one, thereby placing the study of criminology on a more scientific footing. The argument for a biological basis to criminality resurfaced, however, nearly a century later with Sheldon’s theory of somatotypes. In 1949, Sheldon advanced the theory that individuals fell within three broad physical types: the ectomorph, mesomorph and endomorph. The ectomorph was essentially thin, the mesomorph muscular and athletic, whilst the endomorph type was said to be fat and rather lethargic. Each physical type, Sheldon claimed, was associated with a distinct personality and temperament. Ectomorphs were characterised by a solitary and restrained nature, whilst mesomorphs were said to be adventurous and endomorphs relaxed and pleasure-loving. Unfortunately for the mesomorphs, Sheldon also claimed that those corresponding to this physical type had criminal tendencies. By linking inherited physical types with personality, Sheldon thereby was hypothesising a hereditary aspect to criminal behaviour. Sheldon’s studies of mesomorphic college students did to some extent confirm his theory as did a later study conducted by Putwain and Sammons as recently as 2002. In partial support of Sheldon’s theory, an increased level of testosterone associated with a mesomorphic build could explain such a biological disposition towards criminality associated with a particular body type. However, social prejudices and self-fulfilling prophecies could also be at play in the above average correlation between mesomorphic types and criminal behaviour in society. Following on from Sheldon’s hypothesis, a further argument for a biological disposition to criminality was proposed in the 1960s. This time, hereditary tendencies were linked to genetic defect or chromosomal abnormality. Variations of the normal ‘XY’ genetic component or genotype of males were Access https://ieltsonlinetests.com for more practices page 7 hypothesised to determine criminal behaviour from homicide to violent crime. The theory was based on the unproven assumption that possession of an extra ‘X’ chromosome ‘feminises’ a man and so conversely having an extra male ‘Y’ chromosome should make a man more masculine and aggressive. However, this somewhat weak hypothesis was severely undermined by the study of Epps in 1995. Epps demonstrated that possessing an extra ‘Y’ chromosome, as in the ‘XYY’ genotype, made an individual no more likely to commit violent crime than anyone else. The further finding that testosterone levels amongst ‘XYY’ men are no different from ‘XY’ men and that the former are no more aggressive than the latter sounded the final death knell for the hypothesis of a criminal type determined by genotype alone. At least those who place trust in rehabilitation programmes to reform criminal types can now breathe a sigh of relief. It would seem that the rather pessimistic prognosis for individuals born with a certain physique or genotype no longer holds credence in scientific circles. If biological predisposition does play a role in criminality, it seems to be at least tempered by environmental and social factors to a large extent
第1轮对话迭代
User_SUN
你是负责教授雅思英语的陈教授: 现在, 协助我完成以下学习任务,给出中文提示,涉及原文字段使用英文: task1协助我完成段落大意理解 让我们一段一段来,你应当给出中文提示和需要理解的原文
Gemini_AI
好的,我们开始Task 1。这个任务是逐段理解文章大意。我会提供原文,然后用中文引导你思考。
我们先看第一段:
Paragraph 1: Prior to the 19th century, criminality was considered more of a moral or philosophical issue. Only with the advent of Italian anthropologist Cesare Lombroso did the subject of criminality take a more scientific turn. With the publication of his theories of criminal behaviour, Lombroso advanced the idea that criminal behaviour was attributable to physiological disposition rather than to any existential reasons.
思考提示: 这段话是文章的引言。它提到了一个关键时间点(19世纪前)和一种旧观念,然后介绍了一个关键人物(Cesare Lombroso)和他带来的新观念。
请思考:
在Lombroso之前,人们是如何看待“criminality”(犯罪性)的?
Lombroso带来了什么根本性的转变?他认为犯罪行为归咎于什么?
第2轮对话迭代
User_SUN
人们将 “犯罪性” 更多视为道德或哲学层面的问题,犯罪行为的根源在于生理倾向,下一段吧,直接给出提示,不输出原文
Gemini_AI
好的,你对第一段的总结很准确!
我们来看第二段。
思考提示: 这一段深入讲解了Lombroso在1876年提出的核心理论——“atavistic form” (返祖形态) 理论。
请思考:
这个理论声称“criminality”(犯罪性)是如何传递的?它是否将罪犯划分为一个特定的群体?
Lombroso认为这类人具有什么样的特征?这些特征被描述为“atavistic”(原始的/返祖的),让他把这些人比作了谁?
(针对本段末尾) 作者对Lombroso描述的这些明显特征,提出了一个什么很实际的质疑?
第3轮对话迭代
User_SUN
提示更详细点
Gemini_AI
好的,没问题。我们来把第二段看得更仔细一点。
这一段的核心是介绍Lombroso的“atavistic form”(返祖形态)理论的具体内容。
思考提示:
理论的核心: 这一段开头就说了,Lombroso声称“criminality was heritable”。“Heritable”是什么意思?这说明他认为犯罪性是天生的,还是后天习得的?
“Atavistic”的含义: Lombroso声称罪犯在生理上属于一个“distinct biological class”(独特的生物阶层)。他用来描述这些特征的词是“atavistic”或“primitive features”(原始特征)。为了让你理解,他还把这些人比作了“Man’s predecessors”(人类的祖先),具体是哪一种?
具体的外貌特征: Lombroso描述了这些“返祖者”的具体长相。他们有哪些普遍特征(例如下巴和眉毛)?他还为特定的罪犯类型“分了类”,例如,
murderers(谋杀犯)和sex offenders(性犯罪者)各自有什么特征?作者的质疑: 在本段末尾,作者(也就是写这篇文章的人)对Lombroso的理论提出了一个非常实际的质疑。作者在想,如果罪犯真的长得这么
readily identifiable(易于识别),他们怎么可能get away with their crime(犯罪后逃脱)呢?
第4轮对话迭代
User_SUN
他认为犯罪性是天生的,是生物特性,能从长相分辨
Gemini_AI
你抓住了Lombroso理论的核心!他确实认为犯罪是天生的,是生物性的,并且能从外貌特征上看出来。
好的,我们来看第三段。
思考提示: Lombroso的理论现在听起来是不是有点奇怪?这一段就是来批判(critique)他的理论的。
请思考,作者指出了Lombroso理论的哪几个**“major failing” (主要缺陷)**?
缺陷一(研究方法): 他的研究对象是哪些人?他“没有”做什么关键的对比?(提示:寻找 “no proper controls” 和 “no comparison” 相关的描述)
缺陷二(“犯罪”的定义): 作者认为 “what constitutes a crime”(什么构成犯罪)本身是什么?它会随什么而变化?这如何反驳了犯罪性是“inherited”(遗传)的观点?
缺陷三(现代科学): 根据 “modern genetic research”(现代基因研究),像“犯罪”这样的复杂行为是由什么决定的?(提示:它不是由 “single genes” 单一基因控制的)
第5轮对话迭代
User_SUN
直接告诉我答案吧,单词障碍太多了
Gemini_AI
没问题,这段的学术词汇确实比较多。我们来直接看这三个缺陷:
研究方法缺陷: 他的研究对象
All individuals were confined to a criminal population(所有研究个体都局限于罪犯群体),但他没有设置non-criminal control groups(非罪犯对照组) 来进行对比。“犯罪”的定义缺陷: 作者认为“犯罪”本身是一个
social construct(社会建构),会随着文化和时间变化 (vary cross-culturally and over time)。既然“犯罪”的定义是会变的,那么犯罪行为是inherited(遗传) 的这个论点就很难成立。现代科学反驳:
modern genetic research(现代基因研究) 表明,复杂的行为并不是controlled by single genes(由单一基因控制的),这就彻底排除了遗传犯罪的可能性。
总结一下,第三段就是从三个方面彻底否定了Lombroso的理论。
我们准备好看第四段了吗?
第6轮对话迭代
User_SUN
给出前三段的详细单词表吧
Gemini_AI
Let’s tackle those vocabulary barriers. Having a solid word foundation is key.
Here is a detailed list of important words from the first three paragraphs, broken down by section.
Paragraph 1
Word
Part of Speech
Contextual Meaning (中文)
Prior to
phrase
在…之前
criminality
n.
犯罪性;犯罪行为
moral
adj.
道德的
philosophical
adj.
哲学的
advent
n.
(重要事件、人物的)出现,到来
anthropologist
n.
人类学家
publication
n.
发表;出版物
advanced (an idea)
v.
提出(一个想法)
attributable to
adj.
可归因于…的
physiological
adj.
生理的
disposition
n.
倾向;气质
导出到 Google 表格
Paragraph 2
Word
Part of Speech
Contextual Meaning (中文)
atavistic
adj.
返祖的;原始的
heritable
adj.
可遗传的
proposed
v.
提出
distinct
adj.
截然不同的;独特的
prone to
adj.
倾向于…的
exhibited
v.
表现出;展示
primitive
adj.
原始的
features
n.
特征;面部特征
throwbacks
n.
返祖者;重现
resemblances
n.
相似之处
predecessors
n.
祖先;前辈
Neanderthals
n.
尼安德特人(早期人类)
characterised by
v.
以…为特征
well-defined
adj.
轮廓分明的
jaw
n.
下颌,下巴
brow
n.
额头;眉毛
tendency
n.
倾向
distinguishing
adj.
用于区别的
bloodshot
adj.
(眼睛)充血的
protruding
adj.
突出的
get away with
phrase
做了(坏事)而未被发现或惩罚
readily identifiable
adj.
容易被识别的
导出到 Google 表格
Paragraph 3
Word
Part of Speech
Contextual Meaning (中文)
in hindsight
phrase
事后看来
ludicrous
adj.
荒唐可笑的
flawed
adj.
有缺陷的
failing
n.
缺陷,弱点
hypothesis
n.
假设
controls
n.
(实验中的)对照组
confined to
v.
局限于
comparison
n.
比较
constitutes
v.
构成,组成
social construct
n.
社会建构(由社会而非客观现实创造的概念)
vary
v.
变化
cross-culturally
adv.
跨文化地
sustain
v.
维持;证实
in the light of
phrase
鉴于;根据
genetic
adj.
基因的
complex
adj.
复杂的
ruling out
v.
排除(可能性)
导出到 Google 表格
Take a moment to look these over. Let me know when you feel comfortable moving on to Paragraph 4.
第7轮对话迭代
User_SUN
第四段给点中文提示吧
Gemini_AI
好的,我们来看第四段。
这一段很有意思,它讲了Lombroso后来的转变和他留下的“遗产”。
思考提示:
Lombroso的转变: 尽管Lombroso之前非常笃信生物(生理)倾向,但本段开头说他后来
modified his views(修正了他的观点)。他开始承认什么因素也会影响犯罪行为?(提示:寻找 “environmental influences”)Lombroso的“遗产”: 尽管Lombroso的“返祖理论”在科学上是失败的,但为什么他仍然被授予
the honorary title 'the father of criminology'(犯罪学之父的荣誉称号)?他最大的贡献是什么?(提示:他把研究从什么基础shifting... from a moral basis转向了什么基础to an empirical one?)
第8轮对话迭代
User_SUN
承认环境因素,第二个问题我不知道
Gemini_AI
你答对了第一点!他确实 modified his views to admit environmental influences (修正观点,承认了环境影响)。
关于第二个问题,也就是他为什么仍然被尊为“犯罪学之父”,答案就在这几句:
Lombroso is to be credited with shifting the study of criminal behaviour from a moral basis to an empirical one, thereby placing the study of criminology on a more scientific footing.
中文解释: Lombroso的功劳在于,他把对犯罪行为的研究从 a moral basis (道德基础) 转移到了 an empirical one (实证基础) 上。
“Empirical”(实证)的意思就是基于观察和实验,而不是空想。
总结一下: 尽管Lombroso的“返祖理论”是错误的,但他开创了用科学方法(观察、测量、收集数据)来研究罪犯的先河,所以他被认为是“犯罪学之父”。
我们准备好进入第五段了吗?这一段会介绍一个全新的理论。
第9轮对话迭代
User_SUN
好的,直接给出提示和单词表
Gemini_AI
好的,我们来看第五段。Lombroso的理论被推翻了,但“生物决定”这个想法并没有消失。
思考提示:
这一段开头说,关于“犯罪性的生物学基础”的论点
resurfaced(重新浮出水面) 了。这次是哪位科学家 (Sheldon) 在什么时候 (1949) 提出的?他的理论叫什么?(提示:
theory of somatotypes,即体型理论)。Sheldon把人的体型分为了哪三种?(
ectomorph,mesomorph,endomorph) 它们各自有什么特点?最关键的是:Sheldon声称哪一种体型的人
had criminal tendencies(有犯罪倾向)?这段末尾提到了两种可能性来解释为什么这种体型的人犯罪率更高:一种是生物学上的 (
testosterone- 睾酮),另一种是社会学上的 (social prejudices- 社会偏见)。
第五段 (Paragraph 5) 单词表
Word
Part of Speech
Contextual Meaning (中文)
resurfaced
v.
再次出现,重新浮出水面
somatotypes
n.
(根据Sheldon理论划分的)体型
ectomorph
n.
外胚层体型(瘦长型)
mesomorph
n.
中胚层体型(肌肉型)
endomorph
n.
内胚层体型(肥胖型)
lethargic
adj.
没精打采的,懒洋洋的
temperament
n.
气质,性情
solitary
adj.
孤独的,喜欢独处的
restrained
adj.
克制的,内敛的
adventurous
adj.
爱冒险的
tendencies
n.
倾向
hypothesising
v.
假设
hereditary
adj.
遗传的
testosterone
n.
睾酮,雄性激素
disposition
n.
倾向
social prejudices
n.
社会偏见
self-fulfilling prophecies
n.
自我实现的预言
correlation
n.
相关性
导出到 Google 表格
你可以根据这些提示和单词,试着总结一下Sheldon的理论吗?
第10轮对话迭代
User_SUN
不能,给点提示
Gemini_AI
没问题,我们来梳理一下第五段的核心内容。
这段介绍了一个新的生物理论,叫做谢尔顿 (Sheldon) 的 theory of somatotypes (体型理论)。
三种体型: 他把人分为三种:
ectomorph(外胚层型): 瘦长型mesomorph(中胚层型): 肌肉型/运动型endomorph(内胚层型): 肥胖型
核心观点: Sheldon声称,这三种体型对应不同的性格,并且他特别指出
mesomorphs(肌肉型) 的人had criminal tendencies(有犯罪倾向)。两种解释: 文章最后说,这种“肌肉型的人犯罪率高”的现象,可能有两种解释:
生物学解释: 肌肉型的人体内
testosterone(睾酮) 水平可能更高,导致更具攻击性。社会学解释: 可能是
social prejudices(社会偏见) 和self-fulfilling prophecies(自我实现的预言) 在起作用。换句话说,社会上可能普遍认为“肌肉男”更暴力,这种偏见(或他们自己的这种认知)反而导致他们真的表现出了更多暴力行为。
所以,第五段的核心就是介绍了 **体型理论 (somatotypes)**,以及它如何将 mesomorph (肌肉型) 体质与犯罪联系起来。
这样是不是清楚多了?准备好就看第六段了。
第11轮对话迭代
User_SUN
太离谱了,这简直是歧视
Gemini_AI
你说的没错,这种理论现在看来确实非常离谱,充满了偏见和歧视。
你准确地抓住了Sheldon的观点:他错误地将 mesomorph (肌肉型) 体型与犯罪倾向联系起来。
20世纪的科学家们并没有就此打住。在Sheldon之后,他们又提出了另一种生物学理论。我们来看看第六段,这次他们把目标对准了什么。
第六段 (Paragraph 6) 思考提示:
新的理论基础: 这次科学家不再看体型了。在1960年代,他们提出的
hereditary tendencies(遗传倾向) 是和什么有关的? (提示:genetic defect或chromosomal abnormality)具体的假设: 正常男性的基因型 (genotype) 是
XY。他们假设哪种异常的基因型会导致犯罪?假设的逻辑: 他们的逻辑是:多一个
X染色体 (XXY) 会使男性feminises(女性化),那么反过来,多一个Y染色体 (XYY) 应该会使男性怎样?理论的结局: 这个
XYY理论最终被推翻了吗?Epps的研究 (1995) 发现了什么?XYY男性体内的testosterone(睾酮) 水平与XY男性相比有区别吗?
第六段 (Paragraph 6) 单词表
Word
Part of Speech
Contextual Meaning (中文)
genetic defect
n.
基因缺陷
chromosomal abnormality
n.
染色体异常
genotype
n.
基因型
hypothesised
v.
假设
homicide
n.
凶杀
assumption
n.
假设,猜想
conversely
adv.
相反地
masculine
adj.
男性化的,有男子气的
aggressive
adj.
有攻击性的
undermined
v.
逐渐削弱,破坏
testosterone levels
n.
睾酮(雄性激素)水平
sounded the… death knell
phrase
敲响了…的丧钟
导出到 Google 表格
第12轮对话迭代
User_SUN
超雄男性会犯罪
Gemini_AI
你准确地把握了第六段提出的那个假设 (hypothesis)。
这个理论在1960年代确实是这么猜想的:他们认为多一个 Y 染色体 (即 XYY) 会让男性更具攻击性 (masculine and aggressive),从而更容易犯罪。
但这个假设成立了吗?我们接着看这一段的后半部分。
Epps在1995年的研究发现了什么?XYY 男性真的比 XY 男性更容易犯 violent crime (暴力罪行) 吗?
第13轮对话迭代
User_SUN
不成立,对吧
Gemini_AI
That’s exactly right. 你的理解非常准确,这个假设不成立。
Epps 在 1995 年的研究 severely undermined (严重削弱) 了这个理论。
研究表明:
拥有
XYY基因型的人并no more likely to commit violent crime(不比其他人更容易犯暴力罪行)。他们的
testosterone levels(睾酮水平) 与XY男性no different(没有区别)。他们也
no more aggressive(并不更具攻击性)。
这基本上就是 sounded the final death knell (敲响了丧钟),彻底否定了仅凭基因型就能决定犯罪的理论。
我们还剩最后一段 (Paragraph 7) 了,准备好了吗?
第14轮对话迭代
User_SUN
继续吧
Gemini_AI
好的,我们来看最后一段,这是整篇文章的结论。
思考提示:
“松一口气”: 文章开头说,那些相信
rehabilitation programmes(改造计划) 的人现在可以breathe a sigh of relief(松一口气) 了。为什么?因为前面讨论的那些“天生是罪犯”的理论(无论是Lombroso的外貌、Sheldon的体型还是XYY基因)是不是都不再holds credence(站得住脚) 了?最终结论: 那么,犯罪性到底是生物决定的还是环境决定的?文章的最后一句给出了答案。它认为
biological predisposition(生物易感性/生物倾向) 就算存在,它在很大程度上被什么因素tempered(调和/缓解) 了?
第七段 (Paragraph 7) 单词表
Word
Part of Speech
Contextual Meaning (中文)
rehabilitation
n.
改造;康复
reform
v.
改造,改革
breathe a sigh of relief
phrase
松了一口气
pessimistic
adj.
悲观的
prognosis
n.
预后;预测
physique
n.
体格,体型
genotype
n.
基因型
holds credence
phrase
具有可信度,站得住脚
scientific circles
n.
科学界
biological predisposition
n.
生物(易感)倾向
play a role in
phrase
在…中扮演一个角色
tempered by
v.
被…调和;被…缓解
environmental
adj.
环境的
social factors
n.
社会因素
导出到 Google 表格
第15轮对话迭代
User_SUN
没人天生是罪犯,犯罪是后天导致
Gemini_AI
你抓住了文章的最终结论。
最后一段的核心就是,那些认为人“天生是罪犯”的理论——无论是看长相、体型还是基因——在科学界都 no longer holds credence (不再站得住脚) 了。
文章的最后一句给出了一个更严谨的总结:即使 biological predisposition (生物倾向) 真的存在,它在很大程度上也会被 environmental and social factors (环境和社会因素) tempered (调和/缓解) 了。
这和你说的“犯罪是后天导致”的观点是完全一致的。
我们已经完成了Task 1的逐段理解。你对这篇文章的整体脉络(从Lombroso的“返祖”理论,到Sheldon的“体型”理论,再到“XYY”基因理论,最后全部被推翻)都清楚了吗?
第16轮对话迭代
User_SUN
好的,给出最终完整文章单词表
Gemini_AI
Let’s consolidate all the key vocabulary from the entire article.
Here is the complete list, organized by the paragraph in which the words appeared.
Paragraph 1
Word
Part of Speech
Contextual Meaning (中文)
Prior to
phrase
在…之前
criminality
n.
犯罪性;犯罪行为
moral
adj.
道德的
philosophical
adj.
哲学的
advent
n.
(重要事件、人物的)出现,到来
anthropologist
n.
人类学家
publication
n.
发表;出版物
advanced (an idea)
v.
提出(一个想法)
attributable to
adj.
可归因于…的
physiological
adj.
生理的
disposition
n.
倾向;气质
导出到 Google 表格
Paragraph 2
Word
Part of Speech
Contextual Meaning (中文)
atavistic
adj.
返祖的;原始的
heritable
adj.
可遗传的
proposed
v.
提出
distinct
adj.
截然不同的;独特的
prone to
adj.
倾向于…的
exhibited
v.
表现出;展示
primitive
adj.
原始的
features
n.
特征;面部特征
throwbacks
n.
返祖者;重现
resemblances
n.
相似之处
predecessors
n.
祖先;前辈
Neanderthals
n.
尼安德特人(早期人类)
characterised by
v.
以…为特征
well-defined
adj.
轮廓分明的
jaw
n.
下颌,下巴
brow
n.
额头;眉毛
tendency
n.
倾向
distinguishing
adj.
用于区别的
bloodshot
adj.
(眼睛)充血的
protruding
adj.
突出的
get away with
phrase
做了(坏事)而未被发现或惩罚
readily identifiable
adj.
容易被识别的
导出到 Google 表格
Paragraph 3
Word
Part of Speech
Contextual Meaning (中文)
in hindsight
phrase
事后看来
ludicrous
adj.
荒唐可笑的
flawed
adj.
有缺陷的
failing
n.
缺陷,弱点
hypothesis
n.
假设
controls
n.
(实验中的)对照组
confined to
v.
局限于
comparison
n.
比较
constitutes
v.
构成,组成
social construct
n.
社会建构
vary
v.
变化
cross-culturally
adv.
跨文化地
sustain
v.
维持;证实
in the light of
phrase
鉴于;根据
genetic
adj.
基因的
complex
adj.
复杂的
ruling out
v.
排除(可能性)
导出到 Google 表格
Paragraph 4
Word
Part of Speech
Contextual Meaning (中文)
modified
v.
修正
environmental influences
n.
环境影响
contemporary
adj.
当代的
bestowed on
v.
授予
honorary
adj.
荣誉的
criminology
n.
犯罪学
credited with
v.
归功于
shifting
v.
转变
empirical
adj.
实证的(基于观察或实验的)
scientific footing
n.
科学基础
导出到 Google 表格
Paragraph 5
Word
Part of Speech
Contextual Meaning (中文)
resurfaced
v.
再次出现
somatotypes
n.
体型
ectomorph
n.
外胚层体型(瘦长型)
mesomorph
n.
中胚层体型(肌肉型)
endomorph
n.
内胚层体型(肥胖型)
lethargic
adj.
没精打采的
temperament
n.
气质,性情
solitary
adj.
孤独的
restrained
adj.
克制的
adventurous
adj.
爱冒险的
hypothesising
v.
假设
hereditary
adj.
遗传的
testosterone
n.
睾酮,雄性激素
social prejudices
n.
社会偏见
self-fulfilling prophecies
n.
自我实现的预言
correlation
n.
相关性
导出到 Google 表格
Paragraph 6
Word
Part of Speech
Contextual Meaning (中文)
genetic defect
n.
基因缺陷
chromosomal abnormality
n.
染色体异常
genotype
n.
基因型
homicide
n.
凶杀
assumption
n.
假设,猜想
conversely
adv.
相反地
masculine
adj.
男性化的
aggressive
adj.
有攻击性的
undermined
v.
逐渐削弱
sounded the… death knell
phrase
敲响了…的丧钟
导出到 Google 表格
Paragraph 7
Word
Part of Speech
Contextual Meaning (中文)
rehabilitation
n.
改造;康复
reform
v.
改造,改革
breathe a sigh of relief
phrase
松了一口气
pessimistic
adj.
悲观的
prognosis
n.
预测
physique
n.
体格,体型
holds credence
phrase
具有可信度,站得住脚
scientific circles
n.
科学界
biological predisposition
n.
生物(易感)倾向
tempered by
v.
被…调和;被…缓解
Image of mitosis, Image of supply and demand curves
导出到 Google 表格